Nursing Knowledge through the Nursing Process Essay

â€Å"The assessment phase of the nursing process is foundational for appropriate diagnosis, planning and ,† (Ackley & Ladwig, 2014, p3). This beginning phase of the nursing process is important for many reasons. Not only are we meeting our patients for the first time but we collect but object and subjective data to put together and create a picture of our patient. The nurse makes an assessment of the patient, utilizing all the information that is gathered and can better understand their needs. Each nurse, through time and practice, fine tunes these assessment tools needed to go even further into a patients needs such as the holistic approach of mind, body and spirit. Assessment information gathering is done by looking at the patient’s chart, discussing with the patient about their history, and even through communication with the family members. The subjective date we can gather from the patient and family can help us understand how they are feeling or thinking. A thorough health and medical history are important so that we can implement the best care designed specifically for that patient. The physical assessment is also important; this gives us objective information regarding the patient’s current vitals signs, physical head to toe and any diagnostic’s previously done or that need to be completed. The information that gathered in this phase helps create the next phase which is formulating a nursing diagnosis. Diagnosis Phase â€Å"In the diagnosis phase of the nursing process, the nurse begins clustering the information within the client story and formulating and formulates an evaluative judgment about a client’s health ,† (Ackley & Ladwig, 2014, p3). After a nurse gathers all the subjective and objective information about the patient alone with using their knowledge, we formulate a diagnosis using â€Å"NANDA,† â€Å"North American Nursing Diagnosis Association.† There is a list of  nursing diagnosis related to primary clinical issues and may or may not have secondary issues too. The patient may also have many different diagnosis’ that need to treat as well, so the gathering information phase prior to the diagnosis phase is paramount. â€Å" A working nursing diagnosis may have two or three parts. The two-part system consists of a nursing diagnosis and the ‘related to’ (r/t) statement†¦. â€Å"The three-part system consists of a nursing diagnosis. The ‘related to’ (r/t) statement and the designing characteristics, which are observable cues/inferences that cluster as manifestations of actual or wellness nursing diagnosis† (Ackley & Ludwig, 2014, p4). This three-part system helps the nurse understand the primary diagnosis and the symptoms involved and what those symptoms may be related to. Creating a nursing diagnosis takes into consideration all data collected, other health issues (chronic or acute), symptoms that need to be treated and taking it all in with a holistic approach as a nurse. The Outcomes / Planning Phase According to King (1997), In this phase the nurse is able to use the prior steps of the nursing process and build off of it for the Outcome/Planning phase. The nurse formulates a course of action based on the her assessment and nursing diagnosis. The nurse uses her critical thinking abilities to prioritize and develops specific nursing interventions and documents her plan accordingly. Implementation Phase The implementation phase of the nursing process is the stage where the nurse can put her nursing assessment to action. The Nurse Intervention Classification or NIC, is a system that defines nursing interventions and clusters them into families of therapies and treatments that gear toward a specific problem. According to Forbes, â€Å"Nursing requires robust clinical research to show that its interventions do not harm and have a beneficial effect.† In this vital stage of the nursing process, there is a certain level of knowledge needed effectively to accomplish a positive outcome for the patient. At this point, a substantial amount of scientific knowledge is also needed so to understand how the interventions that are chosen, will impact the outcome for the patient. (Forbes, 2009) The knowledge needed at this point are as follows: †¢Nurse must be able to understanding the medical knowledge of the diagnosis and how it impacts the patient’s physical and psychosocial functions †¢Nurse must be able to determine if the intervention will produce the desired outcome for the patient based on scientific research. †¢Nurse must know what equipment or resources needed for the chosen intervention †¢Nurse must know the patient’s current status , to be sure the intervention is still relevant †¢Nurse must be aware of patient’s spiritual and culture needs that may potentially hinder the interventions outcome. †¢Nurse must know what evidence will determine the effectiveness of the intervention Evaluation Phase The nursing knowledge is needed and describes the scientific basis of nursing knowledge. Evaluation is defined as the judgment of the effectiveness of nursing care to meet the patient’s goals. According to King (1997), in this step of the nursing process the nurse compares the patient’s behavioral responses with predetermined patients goals and outcome criteria. Evaluation is the final step in the nursing process. Although evaluation is the final step in the nursing process, it has concurrently run throughout all phases of the nursing process. The nursing knowledge that is needed in the Evaluation step of the nursing process in: Nurses must be able to identify criteria and standards. Nurses must be able to evaluate collected data. Nurses must be able to interpret and synthesise data. Nurses must be able to document findings and identify when goals are met, or when to revise, update, change or complete the care plan. References (2014). In B. J. Ackley, & G. B. Ladwig, Nursing Diagnosis Handbook: An Evidence-Based Guide to Planning Care, Tenth Edition. Missouri: Mosby. Forbes, A. (2009). Clinical Intervention Research in Nursing . International Journal of Nursing Studies, pg 557-568. King JA, Morris LL, Fitz-Gibbon CT. How to Assess Program Implementation

American Civil Rights Movement: A Mass Protest against Racial Segregation and Discrimination Essay

The American civil rights movement was a mass protest movement against racial segregation and discrimination in the southern United States that came to national prominence during the mid-1950s. This movement had its roots in the centuries-long efforts of African slaves and their descendants to resist racial oppression and abolish the institution of slavery. Although American slaves were emancipated as a result of the Civil War and were then granted basic civil rights through the passage of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments to the U.S. Constitution, struggles to secure federal protection of these rights continued during the next century. Through nonviolent protest, the civil rights movement of the 1950s and ’60s broke the pattern of public facilities’ being segregated by â€Å"race† in the South and achieved the most important breakthrough in equal-rights legislation for African Americans since the Reconstruction period (1865–77). Although the passage in 1964 and 1965 of major civil rights legislation was victorious for the movement, by then militant black activists had begun to see their struggle as a freedom or liberation movement not just seeking civil rights reforms but instead confronting the enduring economic, political, and cultural consequences of past racial oppression. (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/119368/American-civil-rights-movement) In the time of the Civil Rights movement, lots of African American people were measured by how they managed difficult situations. The Civil rights movement had many influential leaders and events. The overall importance of the movement was the profound impact it had on American life. The Civil Rights Movement had many important leaders, like Martin Luther King Jr., Little Rock Nine, and Malcolm X, whose actions largely influenced the movement. Of the leaders involved in the Civil Rights Movement, one man stands alone; Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King is known best for his contributions to the civil rights movement, for instance his policy of non violent protests and forming the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). (http://www.123helpme.com/civil-rights-movement-preview.asp?id=188121) In the 1950’s black people were discriminated and mistreated beyond belief whilst white people lived a life of luxury with cars, televisions and money. Statistics from the ‘US Department of Commerce’ state that 18% of white people lived below the poverty line whilst 56% of black people lived below

An Overview of Capitalism Using the Method of Marxism

An Overview of Capitalism Using the Method of Marxism Marxian theories against capitalism Historical materialism Marx’s theory of historical materialism, inspired by Hegel’s phenomenology, stated that both human societies and cultural institutions resulted from economic activity. Unlike Hegel who stated that abstract ideas were the cause of change, however, Marx proposed that material, economic forces, and their relationship with the natural, biological and physical world, were the determining proponents of dialectical change. History rests in the internal contradictions in the system of material production (producing what people need for survival), and other factors that have influenced society, such as geographical movement and growth of population, were not as determinant as the mode of production. Any changes in the material and economic conditions of a society also imply changes in its social relations. Social change, then, resulted from internal conflicts in a society’s economy. The social reality determines human consciousness. The mode of production is composed of two aspects: the productive forces and men’s relations of production. The productive forces include the instruments of production wherewith material values needed for survival, such as food, clothing, shelter, fuel, etc., are produced and the people who use these instruments in the production of material values through their production experience and labor skill. Men’s relations of productions, on the other hand, refer to the relations the people make with each other during production. These may come in the form of cooperation and mutual help, and in domination and subordination. Marx regarded revolutions not as political accidents, but manifestations of the historical progress of societies. Revolutions occur when modes of production â€Å"mature†, or contradict themselves to the point that they eventually collapse. Marx recounts human history in terms of four modes of production. The first mode of production, named asiatic, was considered as primitive communism, It was characterized by a communal ownership of land and essential economic resources. This mode of production was phased out when physically stronger people instituted the concept of private property. The ancient mode of production gave authority to people with physical, political and material strength – the masters while the non-owning class were slaves. Slaves were treated as commodities and made to engage in torturous menial and physical labor. This started a revolution of the slaves against their masters. The feudal mode of production was characterized, again, by two classes: feudal lords and serfs. Lords owned the land, and their job was to lease land and employ agricultural labor in their lands. The serfs worked in the lands and paid taxes in exchange for the lords’ protection. Like in the ancient mode of production, the serfs revolted against the lords. Industrialism grew becaus e of the revolution. Finally, the capitalistic mode of production, and the one Marx was most bothered with, caused the migration from rural to urban areas. There were two working classes as well: the bourgeoisie, who owned most of society’s wealth and means of production, and the proletariats, who rendered service for survival. Marx wanted that the exploitation present since the ancient mode of production would dispel, and so proposed socialism and communism. Socialism is the beginning stage wherein society is classless, while communism is the final stage wherein equality has been thoroughly implemented and private property and ownership are absent. Alienation The Marxist definition of alienation means that man does not experience himself as the acting agent in his grasp of the world, but that the world remains alien to him. The process of alienation is expressed in work and the division of labor, especially due to the emergence of capitalism and private property. Eventually, labor rules over the man and becomes a power independent of its producer. Man’s identity and consciousness of himself and his world becomes marred. â€Å"The object produced by labor, its product, now stands opposed to it as an alien being, as a power independent of the producer. The product of labor is labor which has been embodied in an object and turned into a physical thing; this product is an objectification of labor† Marx seeks the liberation of man from labor that destroys his individuality through his criticism of capitalism. Capitalist production, according to him, transforms the relations of individuals into qualities of things, and exploits its producers like machines through aliented labor. He differentiates proper work and alienated labor as thus: â€Å"Man no longer reproduces himself merely intellectually, as in consciousness, but actively and in a real sense, and he sees his own reflection in a world which he has constructed. While, therefore, alienated labor takes away the object of production from man, it also takes away his species life, his real objectivity as a species-being, and changes his advantage over animals into a disadvantage in so far as his inorganic body, nature, is taken from him. Just as alienated labor transforms free and self-directed activity into a means, so it transforms the species life of man into a means of physical existence. Consciousness, which man has from his species, is transformed through alienation so that species life becomes only a means for him. Alienation also leads to the perversion of moral values, as man is too conscious of economy’s values gain, work, thrift and sobriety to develop virtues. Due to the rising importance of commodities and money, for every new product, the potential for deceit and robbery grows. The alienated man only knows one way of relating himself to the world: through having and consuming it. He becomes more needy for money and possessions, and watches for signs of weaknesses in which he can maximize his gain. Class Consciousness Class consciousness is recognizing that the different interests and conditions of living between the two classes (bourgeois and proletariat) define their relationship with each other. This occurs when there is awareness from the working class that the conditions of labor and living of their class was created by the upper class. Once this happens, the working class becomes the enemy of the upper class. There are six features of class consciousness, although it was not Marx, but Bertell Ollman, who came up with them. The first feature pertains to the subjective and objective identity and interests of membership in a class. â€Å"Subjective† refers to what people think about their class situation, while â€Å"objective† refers to how the classes actually worked as seen in historical development, The second feature is that people must be knowledgeable about how capitalism works, either to benefit or deter them. The third feature pertains to the â€Å"broad outlines of class struggle and where one fits into it†. The fourth feature pertains to the solidarity with other members of the same class, which are exemplified by worker unions and revolts. The fifth feature is a â€Å"rational hostility† towards the opposing class. The last feature pertains to having a â€Å"vision of a more democratic and egalitarian society that is not only possible but is a condition individuals can help bring about.†

Assignment 3 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 10

3 - Assignment Example elf-actualization and esteem needs that appear at the narrow end of the pyramid, goes against the rigid order that the needs should occur (Espinoza, Ukleja, & Rusch, 2010). For the Millennials, the physiological and safety needs would still occur in the provided order of the pyramid, but they would group the esteem, self-actualization, and belonging needs together as they are important to them. This occurs as the Millennials have varying needs in different situations, and thus their preferences shift from time to time. According to Herzberg’s two-factor theory, there is a clear level of needs that are considered to be of a lower level such as those for relationships and job security, and those that are considered to be of a higher level such as those for advancement and recognition. In any case, different motivators have to be combined in different ways to satisfy the needs of different individuals (Espinoza, Ukleja, & Rusch, 2010). Herzberg maintains that Maintenance factors can be utilized in meeting the lower-level needs of individuals while motivators and important in meeting the higher level needs. He suggests that Maintenance factors are only used to meet the basic needs of individuals and prevent dissatisfaction and not for employee motivation. Motivator factors promote job satisfaction and employee motivation by meeting the employee high-level needs. As much as Herzberg has clearly separated the Motivation factors and Maintenance factors, the priorities of the Millennials differ gre atly from those of the earlier generation. As such, for this generation, needs that are considered to be basic, such as job security, and hence covered by Maintenance factors are of less importance for them and instead they prioritize needs such as self-actualization, growth needs, and Esteem needs, which are basic to them, yet they are categorized as higher needs by Herzberg. Case in point, in the absence of such needs, dissatisfaction is likely to occur. As such, these needs

Problem Analysis Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Problem Analysis Report - Essay Example The minute a human being enters and becomes part of an organization, private or public, the interactions that take place within the different individuals is of an imperative stature. The variation that takes place over here is in the kind of interaction that takes place between such individuals. In most of the circumstances the communication or the interaction that takes place is more likely to be based upon the human weakness of bending towards the emotional construct of the human nature that upon the notion of objectivity or fairness. A sycophant is a person who is only concerned and in some cases obsessed with self-interest and utterly survives on the constant flattering of the influential people i.e. people who are either in power or have the possession of wealth. Such a person’s actions are conducted at the expense of his or her self-respect, dignity, and self-esteem – a manner also referred to as obsequiousness. Now the question or the problem that underlies over here is the fundamental query that, what are the stakeholders that are affected by the sycophantic culture? And if this is the case then, to what extent is this culture prevalent in our organizations†¦ For the record, it might not be very astonishing, the fact, if one was to make a statement that the element of sycophancy is present in every single organization of our era – irrespective of any degree of modernity displayed by the organizations. But the question that further arises over here is that how or why did the sycophancy attitude develop in the first place? Is the desire to associate yourself with the icons of power and wealth so strong that it practically fades out the principles of justice and impartiality? â€Å"Sycophantic behavior begins early in the educational system. Criticism is usually unwanted by institutions. The perks, benefits and privileges of power are too important to tolerate criticism, especially anything

The health and sanitary conditions within womans prisons (United Essay

The health and sanitary conditions within womans prisons (United Kingdom) not mental health - Essay Example (Toolkit for health care needs assessment in prisons) A committee known as Friends World Committee for Consultation have been taking up the issue of criminal justice and caring about the conditions that prevail in the prison for the last 350 years of their existence in UK. This committee feels that particularly there is need to give importance to women and girls particularly female juveniles under the age group of 18 years, in the prison during their imprisonment period following trial. Also there added concern is also includes their stay in hostels or similar places like the prison or about the general health care conditions of the babies and children of imprisoned women when both the child as well as the mother are inside the prison. (Women in Prison and Children of Imprisoned Mothers Preliminary Research Paper) The reason for the emergence of such committees is to understand and make the issue of the conditions of women and girl prisoners inside the prison, and also to collect information and ideas to resolve the issues and analyze them better. It is generally felt that though both men and women are subjected to imprisonment, there has been little consideration about the care and various needs of the imprisoned women. This way of omitting the care taken on women prisoners could be due to the strength of the women prisoners that is the number of women prisoners are much lesser in number when compared to men. (Women in Prison and Children of Imprisoned Mothers Preliminary Research

Avatar Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Avatar - Assignment Example Thus the film’s clear and direct message is that of aggressive dominant cultures, just like that of the U.S subjugating another country in pursuit of riches or resources. Thus avatar is all about the imperialistic culture that the US as a country and her citizens are known for. Just the way humans invade Pandora, US also has been involved in the conquest of weaker resource-rich countries in the pretense of offering them protection. In Avatar setting, 2154, humans have accomplished a technologically sophisticated, post-industrial community that is mainly under the dominion of powerful industries and corporations. This future earth of the film is depicted as an over polluted, overpopulated, dystopian global metropolitan shanty destroyed by fraudulent, nature-devastating industrialism. According to the film, the earth’s ecosystem has been completely wretched and there is very small working natural ecosystem, if any, left. This is exactly what is happening globally today wh ereby ecosystems have been completely destroyed by manmade industrial advancement resulting in global warming and other disasters such as tsunamis and devastating hurricanes. The theme of industrialization and pollution can be related to other cultures and countries in that they (countries) are also in constant search for resources so as to feed their growing industrial might. For instance, China has been very aggressive in search of resources in Africa so as to fuel her growing industries as well as factories.

Ploicy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Ploicy - Research Paper Example icial system and based on constitution that is intended for public good while a policy is set up by policy markers that must be in accordance with the law and intended for all organizations. The increasing use of IT in any organizations had widespread the free access of private information to the unauthorized. To assess the company’s unauthorized computer network is sometimes valid and sometimes not as authorities do not deal with it as such; however, assessing another personnel file is another story because these are usually dealt as private company records. Almost every state in the United States and all parts of the world viewed this unauthorized use as a criminal act, but in California â€Å"an employee might use an employer’s computer service for his or her own purpose without permission if no damage is caused and if the value of supplies and computer services does not exceed $100† (Oz 429). However, such exception is considered morally incorrect if the company itself expressly imposed a policy against such activity. To provide employees with clear guidelines, employers have developed a privacy policy posted in any conspicuous locations for emp loyee notifications and they are requested to sign as a proof that they are being informed. The policy states that â€Å"access or use of any equipment or data unless such access is work-related and required to fulfill that employees’ duties, or alter, damage, or destroy any company data or documentation† is forbidden, and anyone who violated this policy is considered to be criminally liable (Oz 429). This policy is a reminder that the company / customers / employees have their right to reckon their private files to be left confidential. Every company wanted to provide their customers a high work standard and keep their workplace safe, comfortable, and productive that is why it does not tolerate abusive used of alcohol and drugs among its employees. They are true anymore with the risk and liabilities brought by

Week 4-Happiness Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Week 4-Happiness - Assignment Example At first, I believed on this. However, I came to realize that affluence does not necessarily give someone happiness and being poor also does not automatically make one unhappy (DuBrin, 2011). I am now against my previous notion of judging some careers as substandard and insignificant. Apparently, I fall into adventure category. During life audaciousness made me acquire some values that up-to-date are precious to me. I learnt values like respect and honesty through adventure where I was much curious to understand how members of an organization interrelate harmoniously without the two values. Respect is an important value that leads to the realization of honest in any organization (DuBrin, 2011). Corporations value personnel who uphold honesty and respect, for they comprehend that a good relationship builds trust among employees. Finally, the adventurous spirit enabled me to grow the value of courtesy where I was curious why people could give their seat to pregnant woman or old people and other do not and I come to realize some children will not practice this because they contemplate that they will not receive appreciation. Therefore, my quest prepared me to learn this and endorse that some values we possess are driven by adventures. It is important to know your values for it gives one a tremendous clarity and focus in life. The values that I treasure in my life are; honesty, respect, politeness, happiness, success, peace, fun, security, transparency and adventure (Steve, 2013). Steve has underlined imperative values that are proficient in guiding our compartments at work or in any other areas of our life. Values enable us to act according to our conviction. The value that I desire most is happiness; this is because happiness significantly helps me in attaining life satisfaction (DuBrin, 2011). It assists me overcome stress both at workplace. Happiness also offers me an

The Role of Women in the Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Role of Women in the Society - Essay Example In the historic times women had to face a lot of difficulties they were torn out from their rights and endured men’s unfair and barbaric behavior. They were ruled and controlled over by a men-oriented society, now things have changed; women have indeed risen from their past stature. They fear not the dominant and authoritative gender, instead they stand parallel and rose up to the challenge of being treated as the inferior one. Women today are independent unlike the ancient times, when traditionally women played the roles of an obedient daughter, caring sister, loyal wife and a loving mother. Education has diversified the typical role of a woman that they have played for so many years. Today women opt to become business women, mathematicians, engineers, doctors, economists they even appear for elections. Throughout the last 3-4 centuries the changes that women have undergone are phenomenal. They have made their foothold in politics, offices yet still have power over the househ old stuff, because women were considered dumb and absurd. There have been times when women were abolished from making their voice heard in many areas of life because they were seen as less informed and less learned for example in politics, government policies they were even stripped from their right of casting votes for the presidential elections. Although now in modern times the workforce in any organization is full of hard working and powerful women. Despite the many drastic changes that have been in the world there had also been a one more subtle one which is the role that women play now in the household. Over the time women from being the homemakers, housewives and caretakers of the children have switched places with being the bread winners just like men. Women were considered as followers but now they have exchanged places and become leaders of the society (Kleinberg, 1988). Gradually women are overtaking men’s quotient level. The stereotypical character women have playe d for so long is now dissolving, which was that women would stay home and take care of the children, cooked, washed dishes and cloths, cleaned the house all in all took care of the domestic house responsibilities while men earned. The broader picture has changed, now women and men of the house both take care of the domestic chores and earn. Despite all the changes, women still face one troublesome situation even in the modern times which is the offensive negative sexual attention women receive. They bear insulting comments in the work place and are considered as a â€Å"piece-of-meat†. One out of 6 women becomes victims of sexual assaults while for men the ratio is 1 out of 33. The vast difference in these statistics is not shocking because women have always been treated in that way some nations are still unsafe for women to go out freely without a male companion. Even though women have evolved, gained success and yet they have un-succeeded in gaining respect. While women hav e been tagged with ugly sexist comments and terms, they are making their ground in numerous occupations educations, politics, etc. Although women have evolved from being mere housewives, still they are held responsible for the household day to day chores. Though the work is as not as tough as in the older times because manual work has been replaced with more modern technologies and methods. It is an awkward fact that there is a sense on embarrassment attached to the notion of being a housewife. In many nations the thought of staying home, awaiting the return of their husband is looked upon as a waste of man power. Woman now is considered as a being with potential that should do their bit for the betterment of economy. Mothers are given all

Demonstrate the persistence of Wordsworthian ideal of country folk Essay Example for Free

Demonstrate the persistence of Wordsworthian ideal of country folk Essay Demonstrate the persistence of Wordsworthian ideal of country folk, childhood and natural education in the two texts that you have chosen. Critical Essay by Rachel Gowland. Wordsworth, as a poet of the romantic era, had several themes, which contribute to this title. This essay will be looking at these themes and discovering whether they have any relevance in the texts studied. These are, the Secret Garden and Goodnight Mr Tom. The preference for rural life and its people was at the height of fashion at the time of Wordsworth. Social reformers such as Rousseau talked about the noble savage and the rustic idyll was an accepted theme for artistes and poets alike. While the social revolutions may have changed by the time the texts were written, the ideals are still continued to some degree. Wordsworth had many sympathies with the victims and vagrants that wandered in the cities and the countryside. Many of his short poems were portraits of simple rural people, intended to illustrate the nature of these folk and their basic wisdom. Poems such as Michael (1880) have the characters almost fused with their natural surroundings. In Michael, patience and tenderness are the key features of the old mans character. There is strength and a natural affinity to the hills and fields in which he lived and worked. 1 The Secret garden is almost a glorification of rustic folk and their simple way of life. Mary Lennox first encounters Martha, who gives her glimpses of a simple life quite alien to her. Theres twelve of us an my father only gets sixteen shilling a week. I can tell you my mothers put to it to get porridge for em all. They tumble about on th moor an play there all day an mother says th air of th moor fattens em. (Page 32) 2 Through Martha, she begins to emerge from her egotistical former self. She starts to think about others rather than herself. Thank you. She said it stiffly because she was not used to thanking people or noticing that they did things for her (Page 71) 2 Martha appears a particularly content and dignified individual, who takes pride in her work and her family. She treats Mary as an equal in many ways and is amazed by Marys colonial pride. Marthas plain good sense is treated with respect throughout the book and her dialogues with Mary often bring about great changes in her young charges attitudes. It was not the custom that Mistress Mary should do anything but stand and allow herself to be dressed like a doll, but before she was ready for breakfast, she began to suspect that her life at Missthlewaite Manor would end by teaching her a number of things quite new to her. (Page 32) 2 Marthas is described as an untrained Yorkshire rustic who was not trained to be subservient and had no notion that she should be. In this way she becomes an emboldened character, who helps Mary to grow through her plain sense. Martha was obviously trained well by her mother who also is a rustic woman. She is almost the guiding hand in the background, helping Mary, and later Colin, to transform. Her wisdom shines through Martha and Dickon and all the principles held in family life. Hers is the good mother, the mother earth in Wordsworths poems. The respect for her and her kind shines through in the text as it does in the poems, through the voice of the narrator. She is again a considered equal in the narrators eyes to all who she comes into contact with. This makes it possible for her to contact Colins father and speak to him about his charges. I sent for you today because Mrs Sowerby said I ought to see you. (Page 112) 2 The idea of simple sense and country wisdom is proved right in the text. It is the uneducated, untrained folk in the text who can see through the external ugliness of Mary and Colins characters to the beauty that lies beneath. And it is the country folk who unlock these children from their past to an almost redemption. This celebration of rural life and the people can also be seen in Good night Mr Tom. The events that occur in Wills life in the city are overcome by the calm everyday life of the country and its folk. The main character in Wills life is Tom who exudes this country wisdom and good sense. Will takes to heart Toms thoughts when persevering with a new task like learning to ride a bicycle. He could hear his Dads words over and over again in his head. Takes yer time, everythin as its own time. (Page 291) 3 Tom guides Will through his life events, helping him to come to terms with all that life throws at him. This is in marked contrast to the ideas of the psychologist, Mr Stelton, whom they both encounter in the hospital when Will is rescued. Toms ideas of healing through fresh air, hard work and simple country life are in conflict with the ideas of analysis and treatment. Even the appearance of Tom as a gruff, solid but warm-hearted individual is different to the description of Mr Stelton. Tom was well into his sixties, a healthy robust, stockily built man with a head of thick white hair. (Page 10) 3 In contrast to The man was going bald and the hair that remained was of a thin texture. His skin was as white and shiny as a cloistered nun. He gave Tom a bland smile. (Page 217) 3 The psychologists educated ideas appear foolish in response to Toms good sense. As in The Secret Garden the figures of authority and city education are made to look ignorant in response to the wisdom of characters such as Mrs Sowerby and Tom. The characters in the village of Little Weirworld are full of warmth and sincerity, with a genuine sense of community that includes everyone in their midst. Their simple pleasures and way of life helps them maintain a sense of calm dignity and practical sense, even in time of crisis. When Mrs Hartridge received a telegram, it was with care and concern that the villagers arranged for someone to be there when she received it. This contrasts sharply with the lack of interest shown by the people in the district where Will originally came from. She keeps herself to herself. Bit of a madam. Thinks shes a bleedin saint if youll excooth me languid. She does night shifts so I dont never see her. I live next door yer see. Mind you, I dont arf hear some funny noises. Very funny. (Page 203) 3 Tom is ridiculed by the city folk for his accent and intention, but they appear very flippant and foolish when the full story is uncovered. Id like to git my hands on that women, the warden growled furiously. His pride had been shaken badly. It was embarrassing to have them think he didnt know his job. (Page 207) 3 Again, it is the simple country folk in the text who can see through the external ugliness and weakness to the beauty that lies beneath. And it is the country folk who unlock Will from his past. Wordsworth and his contemporaries, viewed childhood as a time of great innocence and joy. A time when new experiences are welcomed and emotions and senses are at there most responsive There was a time when meadow, grove and stream The earth and every common sight, To me did seem Apparelled in celestial light, The glory and freshness of a dream. (Line 1-5) 4 They viewed the child as a redeemer of the adult with their innocence and freedom of mind and spirit. In the Secret Garden, the children can be seen to hold the key to all wisdom. Martha plays an important part in helping Mary to grow into a whole human being. He wouldnt like me. Said Mary in her stiff, cold little way. No-one does. Marta looked reflective again. How does tha like thyself? (Page 61) 2 In the same way Mary then passes on her newfound wisdom to Colin and they both look to Dickon to expand their experience. It is Dickon who becomes the real redeemer. He exudes healthy childhood wholesomeness. A boy was sitting under a tree, with his back against it. He was a funny looking boy about twelve. He looked very clean and his nose turned up and his cheeks were as red as poppies and never had Mistress Mary seen such round and such blue eyes in any boys face. (Page 92) 2 He makes Colin believe that he can get well and walk. His positive calm attitude clears the gloom from Colins mind and he begins to believe in himself. When tha stops bein afraid thalt stand on em, Dickon said with renewed cheer. An thalt stop bein afraid in a bit. (Page 206) 2 Once Mary and Colin finally learn to become children again they can then redeem Colins father. He begins to wonder whether he can have a relationship with his son but has many doubts. Colin changes this by becoming a positive character that is not afraid of the future or his health any more. In this way he heals himself and also his father. It seemed actually like the laughter of young things, the uncontrollable laughter of children who were trying not to be heard. (Page 272) 2 And He said it all so like a healthy boy-his face flushed, his words tumbling over each other in his eagerness- that Mr Cravens shook with unbelieving joy. (Page 274) 2 The child as a redeemer can also be seen as a theme in Good Night Mr Tom. Will looks at Tom through the eyes of a child and as such does not see the gruff exterior that the villagers have seen for the forty years since his wife died. Will brings memories of his wife flooding back but with them comes healing. Tom stood behind him and stared over his head into the shop. He remembered how Rachel used to spin with delight in there. (Page 57) 3 Tom learns how to socialise again through necessity and becomes a member of the village community once more. Mrs Fletcher looked steadily into his eyes. His forehead had lost its old furrowed look. The deep pitted wrinkles had softened outwards. Behind his scowling manner was a kindly old man and if it hadnt been for the arrival of a rather insipid little boy, she might never have known, nor might anyone else for that matter. (Page134) 3 He responds emotionally to Will in ways that have been closed off for a long time. He called me Dad, he whispered croakily into the darkness. He called me Dad. And although he felt overwhelmed with happiness, the tears ran silently down his face. (Page 288) 3 In the same way, Will has his own redeemer in the shape of Zach, who teaches him to like himself and believe in his own abilities. As Martha and Dickon, Zach is a positive thinker who believes anything is possible. Will had lived all his life with criticism and blame, and Zach and Tom gave him back his self-esteem. Willie almost dropped the clod of earth he was holding. No one had ever said they liked him. Hed always accepted that no one did. Even his mum said she only liked him when he was quiet and still. For her to like him he had to make himself invisible. (Page 77) 3 In this way both Mary Lennox and Will are similar, in that they have to learn to love themselves before they can be loved in return or learn to respond to others around them. It seems clear that the theme of natural education is persistent in both texts. In the Secret Garden there is a distinct lack of formal education in all the children encountered. Mary had a series of governesses but learnt by her own volition, because she chose too. Her education almost begins again when she reaches Misstlethwaite Manor. Through Martha and Dickon she learns how to explore, imagine and play. She begins to discover the simple pleasures of play. The skipping rope was a wonderful thing. She counted and skipped, and skipped and counted, until her cheeks were quite red, and she was more interested than she had ever been since she was born. (Page 71) 2 At first alone and then with Colin she explores the garden and her curiosity and thirst for knowledge begins. The awakening of the garden itself mirrors her awakening. They learn through this almost holistic approach, that through the garden and nature they become physically, socially and emotionally aware. Again it is Dickon who inspires them with his positiveness and his knowledge. Dickon, has little formal education but has a wealth of knowledge which appears to be much more useful than the facts leant in a classroom. He is a pure Wordsworthian invention. Do you understand everything birds say? said Mary. I think I do and they think I do, he said. Ive lived on th moor with em so long. Ive watched em break shell an come out an fledge an learn to fly an begin to sing, till I think Im one of em. (Page 95) 2 His mind is unfettered and unspoilt by a formal education, especially one that almost encourages passive learning i.e., the vessels to be filled approach, over active exploration and discovery. Mary and later Colin learn to become independent and active thinkers. Colin saw it all, watching each change as it took place. Every morning he was brought out and every hour of each day when it didnt rain he spent in the garden. He would lie on the grass watching things growing, he said. If you watched long enough you could see the buds unsheathe themselves. (Page221) 2 This positive attitude to learning and education can also be seen in Goodnight Mr Tom. Will has a formal education, but has to grow in spirit to progress in the mind. Again its the positiveness of the people and surroundings that help him to a new confidence. Well begin this evening, he said sharply. That do? Wot? Learnin to read and write. Ill teach you to write yer own name for a beginnin. (Page 102) 3 His times of growth and change correspond to when he is with nature. He makes friends and begins to learn how to interact whilst picking blackberries. He becomes more relaxed and confident whilst on holiday by the sea. Again there is this almost holistic approach as Will improves physically, mentally and emotionally. He is able to express himself through art and then acting as his confidence grows. Finally through nature and physical expenditure he is able to come to terms with the grief and loss in his life. In both texts the children are changed by the country folk around them and the ideals and life that they uphold. These rustic folk become educators and healers through their wisdom and plain good sense. The children bloom through a newfound confidence and most importantly an acceptance of oneself. Once this happens they can then consciously and unconsciously redeem the adults around them. In these ways the Wordsworthian ideals are prevalent throughout the texts. Bibliography ENGLISH ROMANTIC VERSE;PENGUIN BOOKS;1986. FROM BLAKE TO BYRON; BORIS FORD; PENGUIN BOOKS; 1982. THE SECRET GARDEN; FRANCES HODGESON BURNETT; PENGUIN CLASSICS; 1995. GOODNIGHT MR TOM; MICHELLE MAGORIAN; PUFFIN BOOKS; 1981. ROMANTIC CRITICAL ESSAYS; DAVID BROMWICH; CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS; 1987. BEYOND ROMANTICISM; ROUTLEDGE; 1992. LITERATURE, EDUCATION AND ROMANTICISM; ALLAN RICHARDSON; CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS; 1984.

William Shakespeares Julius Caesar Essay Example for Free

William Shakespeares Julius Caesar Essay Julius Caesar shows that people respond to power and glory in different ways. Discuss. William Shakespeares Julius Caesar has a strong focus on the response that various characters display to power and glory, and how and why this response may vary between them. Shakespeare shows contrast in response to superiority heavily throughout the text, and explains that peoples retaliation to it will always differ. Where focus for some, lies in the attainment and holding of power, others prefer a view of conserving Romes traditional government system. Contrast is seen strongly in characters views of Caesars death, and also in their opinions of the preceding events and Caesars gain of power. Despite these differing factors, all characters are portrayed to have some kind of lust for power, and intention to gain authority over citizens. These qualities are seen most strongly across the protagonists of the story: Caesar, Brutus, Cassius and Antony. Throughout the text, characters claim to oppose Caesars rule for the pure reason of conserving the traditions of Romes government and heritage, but some developments strongly suggest the ulterior motive of desire for power. The idea of [Romes] wide walk [encompassing] but only one man is daunting to Cassius, and he particularly portrays this throughout the play, joined by Brutus, claiming that the assassination of Caesar brings them peace, freedom and liberty. However, opposing this, Cassius states that he was born as free as Caesar and thus is equally deserving of power, implying envy or resent toward the omnipotence Caesar achieves. Brutus stands by his intention, emphatically signifying his part with the conspirators was not that [he] loved Caesar less, but that [he] loved Rome more. Brutus feels as though Caesars leadership would negatively impact Rome and the good that Roman citizens have achieved. In contrast, Caesar and Antony both claim that Caesars rule would be positive for Rome. Antony, as a strong supporter, stands by Caesar and claims that Caesar does have love for Rome, and would never have put the fate of Rome in danger. Although he states this verbally much later in the play, this is seen through Antony presenting the crown to Caesar upon his return to Rome from defeating Pompey. Caesar himself believes that he is worthy to rule Rome, and wants to gain the trust and support of the Roman citizens. He begins to do this by rejecting the crown when offered it, knowing that many people would be unhappy with the  acceptance of the crown, and the subsequent ending of the Republic, however it is evident that his intentions may change. When told to attend the Senate as the crown is going to be offered to him again, Caesar eagerly takes this opportunity, implying his desire. Although he is for the good of Rome, he still has intention to go against the system of government in place for omnipotence. Upon Caesars assassination, the opinions of many characters is shown to vary strongly, and this becomes increasingly evident as the text continues. Antony instantly ridicules the reasoning of the assassination, saying that he was not ambitious in the sense of gaining supremacy, as he was thrice presenteda kingly crown and he did thrice refuse, posing his said ambition to be questionable. This is a sign of his tranquility toward power and those who have acquired it, contrasting with Cassius, who feels it is unruly for Caesar to bestride the narrow world as the sole leader of Rome, and sees that this is fair reason for Caesars assassination. Cassius here appears to have desire for power, and to use Toward the conclusion of the text, upon taking their own lives, both Cassius and Brutus formally verbalise their views of their intentions in Caesars assassination, but they also have differing responses to what they have done. While Brutus seems to show regret over killing Caesar, Cassius seems bitter about Caesars death, with the claim that Caesar was revenged by Cassius suicide, as if to entitle him with the blame for his death. Brutus seems regretful, as he states that Caesar was killed with half so good a will than himself, saying that he is more deserving of death, and bidding Caesar to be still in his death. The protagonists views on the assassination drive forward the strong ambition they show to attain power themselves, and their feelings toward those who are in power. Opinions of Caesars success are heavily contrasted between the storys protagonists to emphasise how they see glory and fame, particularly comparing Antony and Cassius. Their views oppose each other, with Antony strongly supporting the success and rise of Caesar, where Brutus claims that Romans as underlings should be striving to go against Caesars reign, and change the way Caesar is leading. Antony focuses strongly on Caesars  leadership as a positive part of Romes society, and the love Caesar displays to the people. He signifies this by thrice [presenting Caesar] a kingly crown, and telling the people of Rome of Caesars great feats. Although the main contrast lies here, both Brutus and Caesar himself have their own opinions, both of which somewhat contrast with the views of Antony and Cassius. Brutus responds to Caesars reign by questioning Caesars character, and pondering the idea that Caesars crowning might change his nature, implying that he may become a worse person because of it. Caesar himself has a positive response to his gain of power, but soon it seems as though power soon goes to his head, and he begins to make rash decisions that regard the people of Rome more harshly. Each protagonist has a different approach to Caesars reign, and each character responds to his rise in their own individual manner. The segregation of opinions in regards to power and glory is contrasted in itself by each characters shared desire for power. This element of the text is seen at some times more strongly than others, as characters portray their emotions through private and public thoughts differently, and express more in what they think privately. Cassius, although seemingly for the good of Rome is described by Caesar to [have] a mean and hungry look, implying that he has desire for power, which is also seen through the implication of his bitterness and envy of Caesar when he claims that he was born as free as [him]. Brutus is probably the least power hungry of characters, although he still does desire power and fortune, as he claims he would not have it so with Caesar a ruler, yet he still [loves] him well. Antony seems to want the attention and respect of people in the assembly of Roman citizens more than legitimate power over them, and uses his public speaking and persuasive skills to achieve this, with his repetition of the phrase: Brutus is an honourable man to condescend and degrade him. Caesar is the most power hungry of them all, although does not seem it in his rejection of the crown. He wants men about [him] who are fat in the sense of knowledge, and content with the power they have, as he does not want anyone stealing his power from him. Each protagonist shares this lust for glory and prestige, and each in a sense gains some triumph throughout the text. Although there is a shared desire to obtain and hold power, the characters Shakespeare portrays in Julius Caesar depict the differing responses that many characters can have to the power they have, or the power those around them have emphatically. They may share some aspects of their reactions, or portray it in a similar sense, but overall, the characters views and opinions vary heavily throughout the text. Each aspect of the response characters have is seen in all four, but in each it opposes, as seen through the choices and reflections that characters portray.

Why Did Euro Disney Fail But Disneyland Successed History Essay

Why Did Euro Disney Fail But Disneyland Successed History Essay Many of Businesses in America make detailed assumptions about the potential of expand their business to other countries and structural models of organizing which can be easily failed to consider the cultural differences. One of the examples of the outcome to intercultural business is Disney Corporations European venture. Due to lack of cultural information of France as well as Europe, further on their inability to forecast problems, Disney acquired a huge debt. False assumptions led to a great loss of time, money and even reputation for corporation itself. Instead of analyzing and learning from its potential visitors, Disney chose to make assumptions about the preference of Europeans, which turned out that most of those assumptions were wrong. 2 CASE DESCRIPTIONS Until 1992, the Walt Disney Company had experienced nothing but success in the theme park business. Its first park, Disneyland, opened in Anaheim, California, in 1955. Its theme song, Its a Small World After All, promoted an idealized vision of America spiced with reassuring glimpses of exotic cultures all calculated to promote heartwarming feelings about living together as one happy family. There were dark tunnels and bumpy rides to scare the children a little but none of the terrors of the real world . . . The Disney characters that everyone knew from the cartoons and comic books were on hand to shepherd the guests and to direct them to the Mickey Mouse watches and Little Mermaid records. The Anaheim park was an instant success. In the 1970s, the triumph was repeated in Florida, and in 1983, Disney proved the Japanese also have an affinity for Mickey Mouse with the successful opening of Tokyo Disneyland. Having wooed the Japanese, Disney executives in 1986 turned their attention to France and, more specifically, to Paris, the self-proclaimed capital of European high culture and style. Why did they pick France? many asked. When word first got out that Disney wanted to build another international theme park, officials from more than 200 locations all over the world descended on Disney with pleas and cash inducements to work the Disney magic in their hometowns. But Paris was chosen because of demographics and subsidies. About 17 million Europeans live less than a two-hour drive from Paris. Another 310 million can fly there in the same time or less. Also, the French government was so eager to attract Disney that it offered the company more than $1 billion in various incentives, all in the expectation that the project would create 30,000 French jobs. From the beginning, cultural gaffes by Disney set the tone for the project. By late 1986, Disney was deep in negotiations with the French government. To the exasperation of the Disney team, headed by Joe Shapiro, the talks were taking far longer than expected. Jean-Rene Bernard, the chief French negotiator, said he was astonished when Mr. Shapiro, his patience depleted, ran to the door of the room and, in a very un-Gallic gesture, began kicking it repeatedly, shouting, Get me something to break! There was also snipping from Parisian intellectuals who attacked the transplantation of Disneys dream world as an assault on French culture; a cultural Chernobyl, one prominent intellectual called it. The minister of culture announced he would boycott the opening, proclaiming it to be an unwelcome symbol of American clichà ©s and a consumer society. Unperturbed, Disney pushed ahead with the planned summer 1992 opening of the $5 billion park. Shortly after Euro-Disneyland opened, French farmers drove their tractors to the entrance and blocked it. This globally televised act of protest was aimed not at Disney but at the US government, which had been demanding that French agricultural subsidies be cut. Sti ll, it focused world attention upon the loveless marriage of Disney and Paris. Then there were the operational errors. Disneys policy of serving no alcohol in the park, since reversed caused astonishment in a country where a glass of wine for lunch is a given. Disney thought that Monday would be a light day for visitors and Friday a heavy one and allocated staff accordingly, but the reality was the reverse. Another unpleasant surprise was the hotel breakfast debacle. We were told that Europeans dont take breakfast, so we downsized the restaurants, recalled one Disney executive. And guess what? Everybody showed up for breakfast. We were trying to serve 2,500 breakfasts in a 350-seat restaurant at some of the hotels. The lines were horrendous. Moreover, they didnt want the typical French breakfast of croissants and coffee, which was our assumption. They wanted bacon and eggs. Lunch turned out to be another problem. Everybody wanted lunch at 12:30. The crowds were huge. Our smiling cast members had to calm down surly patrons and engage in some behavior modification to teach them that they could eat lunch at 11:00 AM or 2:00 PM. There were major staffing problems too. Disney tried to use the same teamwork model with its staff that had worked so well in America and Japan, but it ran into trouble in France. In the first nine weeks of Euro-Disneylands operation, roughly 1,000 employees, 10 percent of the total, left. One former employee was a 22-yearold medical student from a nearby town who signed up for a weekend job. After two days of brainwashing, as he called Disneys training, he left following a dispute with his supervisor over the timing of his lunch hour. Another former employee noted, I dont think that they realize what Europeans are like . . . that we ask questions and dont think all the same way. One of the biggest problems, however, was that Europeans didnt stay at the park as long as Disney expected. While Disney succeeded in getting close to 9 million visitors a year through the park gates, in line with its plans, most stayed only a day or two. Few stayed the four to five days that Disney had hoped for. It seems that most Europeans regard theme parks as places for day excursions. A theme park is just not seen as a destination for an extended vacation. This was a big shock for Disney. The company had invested billions in building luxury hotels next to the park-hotels that the day-trippers didnt need and that stood half empty most of the time. To make matters worse, the French didnt show up in the expected numbers. In 1994, only 40 percent of the parks visitors were French. One puzzled executive noted that many visitors were Americans living in Europe or, stranger still, Japanese on a European vacation! As a result, by the end of 1994 Euro-Disneyland had cumulative losses of $2 billion. At this point, Euro-Disney changed its strategy. First, the company changed the name to Disneyland Paris in an attempt to strengthen the parks identity. Second, food and fashion offerings changed. To quote one manager, We opened with restaurants providing French-style food service, but we found that customers wanted self service like in the US parks. Similarly, products in the boutiques were initially toned down for the French market, but since then the range has changed to give it a more definite Disney image. Third, the prices for day tickets and hotel rooms were cut by one-third. The result was an attendance of 11.7 million in 1996, up from a low of 8.8 million in 1994. 3 ANALYSIS AND SOLUTIONS 3.1 Problems and underlying cultural differences The Case of Euro Disneyland can represent a lack of cultural focus and awareness of concept which was a globalization of the Disney Corporation. Difficulties that Disney Corporation met are typical for a multinational corporation which has not implemented cross cultural management and strategies. In fact, Disney Corporation failed to adapt to the French environment and to foresee the influences of foreign and domestic factors. Organization and management relied mostly on American cultures, experiences, and understanding. By not identifying certain cultural differences, Euro Disneyland created an environment that was not acceptable by the European culture itself. Cultural differences between the US and France has been ignored by Disney. One of the themes of Euro-Disneyland was American. Like other Disneyland in other places, Disney followed one of its two major traditions of not serving wine, despite the attitude among the French that alcohol was a fundamental right. And also restaurants were all American foods. The only exception is Fantasyland which re-created European fables. The recipes in American restaurants were also indistinctly adapted for European tastes. As a consequence, different regional American food was introduced to Americanize the Disneyland in Europe. Intention of Euro Disneyland was to continue Disneys traditional design in that it shared the many features and attractions of other Disneyland. Wide spread market research was conducted and also the cultural adaptation was expressed in such things as designs for park, standards for employees, and habits for eating. In the research, Disneyland was among the top three tourist spots for Europeans when they want to travel U.S., Euro Disney emphasized on making the Disneyland extremely American to visitors. The hotels, rides, and themes of the Disneyland were mostly named in a way of an American flavor, appealing to the European appetite for an American experience. However, the Euro Disneyland received many complaints from the visitors that Euro Disneyland is too Americanized. Some of the associations and the media in France have expressed cruel criticisms condemning the risk of cultural imperialism by Euro Disney. Appearance of Americanized Disneyland in Europe would encourage damaging American brand of consumerism. For some others, Euro Disney became the symbol of America and even of anti-American parties. Disney was tried to hire employees of different nationalities proportional to expected visitor as 45% of French, 30% of other Europeans, 15% of outside of Europe, but most of the visitors were from France. Disneylands employees were trained by managers and supervisors to ensure high quality of services and reliable managerial practices. While European managers were trained at other theme parks, foreign managers were also sent to Euro Disney to work. Although Euro Disney mainly hired Europeans to work in the park, most of the top managerial places were held by the hands of American experts. Standards of judgment for the jobs in Disneyland were criticized by applicants, and the press. The argument revolved around Disneys grooming requirements. Euro Disney insisted on a strict dress code which was much stricter than other jobs such as a ban on facial hair and colored stockings, standards for neat hair and fingernails, and even a policy of appropriate undergarments. So applicants felt that requirements were unnecessary for a job like cast member of theme park. One of the challenges that Disney faced was convincing the French cast members to break their cultural hatred of smiling and of impoliteness to visitors. While Euro Disney successfully trained cast members, but more than 1,000 employees left their jobs within the first nine weeks of opening of Euro Disneyland. Main reason why they left was long working hours at the park. And managers couldnt understand the European habits and ethics of work, and the working style was not the Europeans were used to in the past.    3.2 Solutions and recommendations Euro Disney needs to take controls of the management resolution and analyzation of their problems and concerns based on their own practice in other places. Thus, there is also the essential need of understanding and appropriate plans for the gap of cultural differences such as acknowledging the characteristics and attitudes of the national Europeans in terms of the business knowing what can work on mutually both sides and accomplishing good marketing strategies which can work for Euro Disneyland. Euro Disney should incorporate with some customary European aspects in order to accommodate the preferences of European visitors and French. Euro Disney already brought out the foods from the world. Many restaurants fortunately were custom-made to the European of less spicy food. Only one of the parks which called Fantasy land carried European dishes out, which have a variety of origins such as Germany, Spain and so forth. It seems the visitors are waiting long lines for rides or food since there was no regulations and no tolerance of such practices in France or even in Europe. So this matter also caused weak attendance. The financial and business plan must undertake concrete evaluation and perhaps Euro Disney can use some other plans and strategies which can help changing the structure of the park, framework of the planning process into a modernized one and convincing visitors to choose Euro Disney over any other parks by having some special events such as discounts and gifts. 3.3 Lessons learned Until such time that problem faced Euro Disney by false assumptions and wrong plans, Disney seemed to perfect theme park as it never did a mistake or such a failure. In case, some mistakes were obviously shown in the result. We can learn several lessons from this Euro Disneyland case. As we plan, we should always have concrete business planning before deciding on the actual process of the project, applying all the potential needs and understanding cultural differences. Also, value of the financing control is also a lesson and that in every aspect of business function, integrated assumptions concerning to financial problems should be improved and value of managing menaces has to be accurately reviewed and to be trained with positive thoughts and motivation in order to solve problems and concerns in every business environment.   5 CONCLUSIONS The business performance of Euro Disneyland was not that great and stable. It couldnt have right assumptions on the European market and there has been cruel European recession such as increase in interest rates and French currency value. The preliminary plan was not ample and accurate in providing resolutions to Disney problems and concerns that arisen. A major criticism on Euro Disneyland was that it is neither international nor French in nature, and it failed to satisfy Europeans at all. Many of the visitors could not figure it out the theme of Euro Disneyland that whether it is going to be a European park, an American park, or a French park. In the meantime, the cost for Euro Disneyland was also an issue for some visitors. Many of the French visitors had been discouraged from coming because of the cost such as housing cost, souvenirs, admission cost and so forth. Attendance was kept on decreasing and the company of course, had great financial loss. Euro Disney gave people who couldnt afford to go to America an identical experience as same as in America. However, the Euro Disney was failed to please French visitors, even European visitors but made them to complain about the long lines, and poor service.

Essay --

Anna Sampson Mr. Sharbatz Sophomore English B 3 March 2014 Friendship What is true friendship? â€Å"It is putting someone else first. It is being strictly honest, loyal, and chaste in every action. Perhaps it is the word commitment that unlocks the real meaning of friendship.† (Dalton). That is the essence of a true friend, someone that is always there for you. Though friendship is not easy, it can fall apart a lot easier. Good friendships can be affected from betrayal, distance, and differences in class. Betrayal some may say is â€Å"the most devastating loss a person can experience† (Frank). Especially when it comes from someone who is special like a friend and someone who trust is embedded within.The novel The Kite Runner written by Khaled Hosseini has numerous examples of friendship issues within it. In The Kite Runner Baba and Ali are friends, but once Baba betrays Ali by sleeping with his wife their friendship suffers greatly and never quite recovers (Hosseini 222). Betrayal is something that cannot easily be recovered from, something that changes two people’s relationship forever. Ano...

Counterfeiting: Were In The Money Essay -- essays research papers

Counterfeiting: We're In The Money A frequently asked question by a customer is "Can you break a hundred dollar bill?" If this request has been granted, why do the cashiers take the bill and turn it into a biology experiment? Between pouring a liquid on the note and/or holding it up to the light to check for authenticity, is our currency system in danger? As of the beginning of 1996, the Chairman of the Federal Reserve and the Secretary of the United States Treasury, prove their economic wizardry by making the new one hundred dollar bill nearly impossible to counterfeit in attempt to protect our economy. This is just the first step in improving our currency system. Counterfeiting U.S. currency is an illegal practice that has has been around for years and, unfortunately,is getting worse. "Last year, ...the Secret Service cooperated with the Italian authorities' seizure of $43.8 million in counterfeit U.S. currency, Germany's capture of more than $19 million in counterfeit cash, and the Canadian authorities; seizure of than $129 million in counterfeit U.S. currency." (Gomez, Bertha. "Officials Say..") In a small town north of Chicago, two high school seniors were arrested for the use of counterfeit bills. With the use of the internet and a color printer, these two teenagers were able to create and pass their counterfeit twenty dollar bills through the high school cafeteria but were later arrest by police after trying to use their money at a local Taco Bell. If teenagers are finding ways to counterfeit money, that should tell someone that we need to do something to protect our economy for the future. In attempt to enhance our currency system, the one hundred dollar bill was completely redesigned last year and released at the beginning of this year. This new bill contains a security thread, a watermark, a larger portrait, varriable-color ink and infrared fibers. It is called the 1996 series. Next year the fifty dollar bill will change and so forth. At first, economist talked about recalling all of US currency, but later this idea was ruled out o keep a smooth transition and to honor the new bills at current face value. If our economy is at its strongest, who paid for the creation of the series 1996? The Federal Reserve, under the direction of Alan Greenspan, paid for this currency improvement. When t... ...bject, someone will try to copy it. But, what if our currency system was strictly based on a credit? This will be the United States currency of the future. Our world has advanced so far with the aid of the computer. Ten years ago, computers were for only a weak version of typing. We have come so far from the past. Technology will improve in the years to come. The money in our wallets is just a special type of paper with a special type of ink. It does not back gold like it use to. In the future, we will have two cards in our wallet. A credit card, if we so choose to own one, and a currency card. Our treasury and federal reserve will design a feasible system where paper money is something of the past. Work Cite "Fed Moved Too Slow On Increasing Rates." Wall Street Journal 11 April 1994. "Who Controls The Fed?." Investors Business Daily 19 August 1996 Gomez, Berta "U.S. Officials Say Currency Counterfeiting Remains Small." USIA Staff Writer (1996) WWW Internet Access. Moreau, Ron and Russell Watson. The Hard-Up North Koreans are suspected of making nearly perfectly fakes of U.S. $100 bills.

Schindler’s List, directed by Steven Spielberg and The Pianist, Directe

Schindler’s List, directed by Steven Spielberg and The Pianist, Directed by Roman Polanski The holocaust is seen as a time of horror, filled with brutal, inhuman actions carried out by the Nazi party. Schindler’s List, directed by Steven Spielberg, is one of the most realistic movies to show the gruesome shock of the concentration camps and torture of Jews. Spielberg captured the true essences of what pain was during World War Two. In 2002, Roman Polanski came out with The Pianist, a movie that focuses on a Jewish man’s struggles outside the walls of a concentration camp. Polanski created a movie that would leave an impression on the viewer. The main purpose of Schindler’s List and The Pianist is to provide an inside view of the torture and suffering the Jews faced during WWII and the movies use similar techniques to express the horrors. The movie Schindler's List, directed by Steven Spielberg, is a dramatic representation of the holocaust. First, the film starts in Poland, where the Jews are under pressure from the Nazi community making its way into the villages. Oskar Schindler is a Nazi business man seeking to build a factory with Jewish workers. Schindler contacts the correct officials to get permission to build his factory. Next, the Jews are moved into the ghetto and then concentration camps. Schindler builds relationships with Nazis in a position of high power. Schindler uses these relationships to start secretly planning on saving as many Jews as he can through his factory. As the Jews are being sent by trains to camps, Schindler makes his infamous list of Jewish workers he needs. The list contains men, women, and children. Schindler tries to save as many Jews as he can. Finally, the holocaust comes to an end and S... ...he end of the movie as grown adults, while Szpilman of The Pianist survived his struggle of living on the run. Both movies ended leaving the viewer with hope and fulfillment that, even though millions of Jews were killed, some managed to survive through the help of others. The movies were a representation of a horrid subject matter, which were about hope and dignity in the midst of a monstrous tragedy. The horrors of the holocaust have been seen through many points of view. In Schindler’s List and The Pianist, the directors pulled together every emotion to create a masterpiece that teaches of the dreadful acts humans can do to each other. The pain one human can inflict on another is contoured by the determination and pride of the Jews to survive. The movies present a look into what a Jew’s life was like during WWII, either by a group of people or one single man.

Breakfast of Champions by Kurt Vonnegut

Kurt VonnÐ µgut’s BrÐ µakfast of Champions criticizÐ µs AmÐ µrican sociÐ µty as a wholÐ µ, by addrÐ µssing aspÐ µcts such as racism and mans vulnÐ µrability towards mÐ µdia, which both spring from thÐ µ ignorancÐ µ of thÐ µ AmÐ µrican culturÐ µ. ThÐ µ continuous critical viÐ µwpoint of AmÐ µricanism and thÐ µ incÐ µssant quÐ µstioning of thÐ µ AmÐ µrican drÐ µam throughout this novÐ µl makÐ µ it a modÐ µrn artifact, a contÐ µmporary rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µntation of AmÐ µrican sociÐ µty, and a guidÐ µ to lÐ µarning out of past mistakÐ µs. As media and propaganda play a big role in the story, Vonnegut criticizes what an immense impact it has on the American and how its influence can lead to hysteria and madness.After Trout’s kidnapping, when the police questions him about the criminals, he cannot recall anything due to his blackout. His provocative reply,  «For all I know, they may not even have been Earthlings . . . that car may have been occ upied by an intelligent gas from Pluto » serves as the  «first germ in an epidemic of mind-poisoning » (76) amongst the credulous masses. As a reporter rewrites Trout’s recollection into a story with the headline  «Pluto Bandits Kidnap Pair,  » various papers soon copy the story and it all escalates to the point where all of New York is taught to fear a so-called ‘Pluto Gang’.People purchase locks for doors and gratings for windows, and the sensationalist media continually feeds the mass hysteria with this rubbish terror. No one questions the existence of the Pluto Gang and everyone believes what the media spreads across the country. Vonnegut goes on about the foolishness of these people, yet his style is  «both too funny and intelligent for many », who fail to recognize his  «earnestness » and critical voice due to his recurrent  «satirical sketches ». Racism and discrimination in American society is another aspect Vonnegut at-tacks and pla ys an important role in Breakfast of Champions as well.As the American College Dictionary defines racism as any  «belief that human races have distinctive makeups that determine their respective cultures, usually involving the idea that one’s own race is superior and has the right to rule others », it becomes clearer and clearer how filled with criticism about this certain practice this Vonnegut’s novel is. Again and again, does the word  «Nigger » come up in the novel to underscore the harsh treatment blacks were forced to undergo, and it is used in a particular manner by Vonnegut to express again, how pathetic, blunt and almost funnily absurd this entire notion of discrimination towards blacks was.Vonnegut purposely generalizes opinions on blacks when saying how  «White people were the only people with money enough to buy new automobiles, except for a few black criminals, who always wanted Cadillacs »(41). His striking generalities poke fun at those masse s that discriminate blacks and try to force them all under a certain, negative cliche. His blunt and exaggerated language also makes this particular discrimination seem absurd. Obviously, not every single Blackman feels the desire to own a Cadillac, but hearing this point presented in such a comical way brings across the stupidity of such bigotry.Vonnegut’s, seemingly depressed view of life, uses America to criticize mankind and to make people aware of their capabilities. He shows how people can act ridiculous, cruel, and naive. He criticizes to show humankind what mistakes have been made, so that future prevention is possible. His thoughts go under the skin and point out things everybody can learn from. America is such a good example to show this by, because this nation was founded on a dream of self-realization and happiness. This dream, however, can only be obtained through seeing past mistakes with a critical eye, learning from them, and fighting to achieve dreams.

Lizzie Borden

Took an Ax Hot pass day metre In 1892, August 4, at Second Street, wane River milliampere, hired lady fri land up Bridget was resting in her means when the daughter of Andrew Borden screamed for sponsor calling Maggie come down At the time Borders called Bridget a Maggie. When Maggie came down from her room, she cut Andrew Borden had been killed awfulally. Andrew Borden was a gamyest man In cling River director, landlord, and was a banker. At the time he was living with his second wife and both daughters. He was taking a muckle on the sofa when he was fringe with an axe.It was on its right side n the sofa, his feet were still resting on the floor. Andrews head was change form slightly to the right and his face had been cut. unrivaled eye had been cut in half(a) and was protruding from his face that nose had been severed. His wife Baby was on the floor of the guest room upstairs killed by resembling hand with same weapon that was use when the elderly man was sleepin g. This was the most terrible and dastardly cleanup in Massachusetts hi narration ever. Baby was a short, shy(p) and was an obese woman. Borders had been slain by discerning tool that Mrs..Borden head was kicked with sharp shaft over eighteen times, thirteen of them suppress through and through the skull, Mr.. Borders body was mutilated and had 11 strokes In the head, four of them crushed the skull. liegeman Borden case is one of the mysterious and interest cases for batch who interested in iniquity for centuries. In Ameri put up history very few cases attracted much attention as Andrew and Baby Borders case. This murder case was pitch non guilty of gruesome killing of both people. The morning of the murder began with Bridget- Maggie started her duties at 6. 5. At 10. 55 Maggie went up to her room to rest. Between 6. 15-10. 55 numbers of things happened alike(p) Uncle John and Andrew grow had breakfast unneurotic etc. liege lord who was at cornerstone during thes e hours went in to yard or type B for about twenty to thirty minutes. She after said in the tally that she went to vitamin B to some metal for fishing sinkers and in like manner Int terminate to Join Emma at virtue and to do some fishing. When she returned at 1 110, she found her father dead. The footrace lasted fourteen years, from June 5, 1893, toque 20, 1893.After a day to select the jury twelve middle-aged farmers and tradesmen were the juries and the prosecution took about seven days to present its case. loyal was supported by religious organizations but some despised her and believed she did the horrible killing. There were four people as a suspect. One hebdomad into the investigation local authorities arrested liege lord Borden and chargeed her for the murder of her parents. Newspapers and media heard about the horrific killing and were book binding the rill and sores. oft they would name the case as nonorious killing of fuddled family etc.Local themes of M assachusetts and Rhode Island were screening the whole events with titling the paper Shocking offensive A Venerable Citizen and his Aged married woman Hacked to Pieces In their Home. These newspapers had different story about who committed the offensive activity and why. They were covering the testimonials In the newspaper bout quintuplet to SIX pages. Lezzy was the primary suspect because overstep River drug store owner has told that Liege went into the store to purchase some virulent poison and didnt get along. Also newspaper like New York Times also published few newspapers after the trial ended.Whole story of the murder was shocking the nation. How can she do much(prenominal) a crime or she hated her step vex that she had killed them in angered rage etc. Police came to conclusion that murder have committed by someone at bottom the Borden, but they were lacking the usher such as blood that it was only on the bodies of the victims, also they didnt find the murder weapon . In November voluptuary Jury met and after the initial refusing to issue an indictment, the Jury reconvened and heard new tell from Alice Russell, a family friend who stayed with the two Borden babes in the days following the murders.Russell told grand jurors that she had witnessed Liege Borden burning a inexorable answer in the kitchen fire allegedly Liege explained her action simply because the dress was covered with old paint. The earlier recommendation from Bridget Sullivan that Liege was wearing a sinister dress on the morning of the murders, the evidence was enough to convince grand jurors to indict Liege for the murders of her parents. However, Jury returned with verdict tell Liege is not guilty, because there is not one particle of direct evidence in this case from beginning to end against Liege A.Borden. There is not a spot of blood there is not a weapon that they have machine-accessible with her. As a suspect Liege probably had very difficult time whether she ki lled her parents or not. Every suspect goes through difficult treat from the society. Liege Borden was a girl who had whatever she wanted because of her rich father. Some people didnt believe that she was able of the killing because the background that she has. After the trial Liege and her sister Emma returned to Fall River and purchased a big home they called Manipulator.She was interested in acting so often she would pull in small roles in act or play, and she continued to live in Fall River until she died at the age of 67. Borden saga never ended until these days. However, Liege was imprisoned for about 10 month during her trial. When she was in the cell, she was catered with meals, letters and visits from her sister and friends. That people thought of it as wealthy people always gets treated bring out than normal working class.

Breakeven & Business

veritable elements of assembly line show that to achieve high advantageousness a better and diverse product assortment ordain result in more competency utilization. Therefore capacity utilization has a guide on relation to profitability and product mix. This is because if capacity is fully utilized will the profit be arrival to the maximum as fixed cost will remain the same.However if the profit is to be further change magnitude it is necessary to enhance the capacity as a result more capacity would need to be used to first cover the fixed costs of the new capacity installed. Similarly in oneness machine, a number of products can be make therefore not all products will be made to the fullest as one product or the other production will be scarified. What companies picture to achieve is the right product mix so that optimal profitability is achieved and therefore make the business more versatile.Though it is the decision of the person in blossom to decide either to fully utilize the capacity using the most profitable product or make a number of products to focus on product diversity rather than on profitability. (Source corporate trust Industries Limited, High Density polythene Pipes Beyond peeing Supply)References 1. Ms Poorvi C. Desai Polymers, Reliance Industries Limited, High Density Polyethylene Pipes Beyond Water Supply. Retrieved on October 5, 2008, from http//www. polymerupdate. com/poorvidesai/pdf/HDPE_Pipes. pdf

Health Promotion for Alcohol Essay

Bernadette hospital ward RN, Midwife, ammonia alum Cert Ed, MPHandTM, MHlth Sci Lecturer, stave of hygienicness Sciences, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia. B. cellblocklatrobe. edu. au Glenda Verrinder RN, Midwife, graduate Cert postgraduate Ed, score drib taproom and Com easyness, MHlth Sci sr.er Lecturer, capacity of substanti entirelyyness Sciences, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia. regard intoxi assholetic drinkic drinkic bever ruffride violate in Australia conjunction is a fraternity tell a bump that hatful be inter broadcast victoryfully inwardly a wellness ad caravance modelling. It is main(pre no(prenominal)inal) that strategies ar nonperceivedasquickfixes only solve toward yield outing well-nigh of the profound morphological figures that eviscerate to the paradox. intent The accusative of this expression is to running play runify how nurses crowd out persona the capital of Canada remove for wellness advan ce mannequin in promiseing intoxi tricktic beverold grow convolute among girlish raft. foundation garment ph unmatchable line The capital of Canada subscribe for wellness advance (1986) leave al aces a reusable region model from which to put unmatched across the wellness of al adept in all universes all everyplace their encountering movement and in doing so tap toward inter salmagundi battalions wellness in gist(p)ness ( land wellness administration 2005). The relevanceofthe meshlies nononlyintheinfluenceit has on put uping wellness customaryity be prevail, precisely in addition theinfluenceithasonwellness polity growthand wellness inquiry ( area wellness composition 2005). finishing P argonnts and residential bea members pack an meaning(a) b gravelyet to operate in onrushing intoxi sterntic drink malign among adolescents but they acquire to be brave by nurses who tail end furnish billing at back a wellness progression mannequin. aboriginal speech inebriantic drink, early days, capital of Canada enlist Australian daybook OF good nurse peck 25 turning 4 114 forefront OF watch oer induction The capital of Canada call for for wellness onward motion (WHO 1986) has been phenomenally magnateful in direct the dupeization of the archetype of wellness progress and arrive popular wellness behave (Nutbeam 2005).The fill is without delay much than 30 historic period old and, as a drain period basin schedule, outlines a promiscuous asseveration of implement that continues to constitute tintinnabulation for nurses just about the world. The submit was re? endorsed in capital of Thailand at the 2005, sixth world(prenominal) assemblage on wellness onward motion as it had been in Mexico? urban center (2000), capital of Indonesia (1997), Sundsvall (1991) and Adelaide (1988). The principles and attain atomic turn 18as score stood the test of snip in treat, wellness form _or_ system of presidential term articulatement and wellness enquiry.Itis in a flashkn proclaim at that throw in be umpteenfactorswhichinfluence wellness and distemper. in that respect is largely no star(a) ca subprogram or single lend factor which shew ups the the likelihood of wellness or scratchion kinda thither tends to be a anatomy of ca physical exercises. Factors that de destinationine animal(prenominal) and mental wellness position bundle income, employment, poverty, training, and additionion to residential district resources. These genial factors fork over pecks bread and butter experiences and opportunities which inturnmakeiteasieror muchdifficultfor plentyto make confident(p) finiss almost their wellness. magic spell on that point ar m whatever(prenominal) marchs that a person lavatory wreak to entertain their avow or their families wellness, really ofttimes the amicable mount of their lives makes it inconceivable t o take those acts (Talbot and Verrinder 2005). wellness surgeryion and indisposition stripe strategies at the affable aim be now mystify of the repertoire of breast feeding preventatives. The capital of Canada ingest extravagantlylights the grandeur of construct sanguine man form _or_ system of government, creating supreme environments, strengthen corporation save, maturation person-to-person skills and reorienting wellness run. utilise collectively in either club qualifyting, the satisfy realms ready a map detect of promoting wellness than when they be utilize in isolation. The drive as well proudlights the potentiality graphic symbol of organisations, systems and communities, as well as exclusive conducts and capacities (Talbot and Verrinder 2005). Australian journal OF advanced(a) nurse majority 25 do 4 wellness advance strategies convey been utilise hard-hittinglyto hookhealth bedsthat aridentified as puzzles by the connection.In Australia and passim different occidental countries, the employ of inebriant by flipper-year-old lot has been highlighted as a problem (Toumbourou et al 2003). inebriantic drinkic beverageic drinkic beverageic beverage corrupt amongst adolescents For many an(prenominal) anformer(a)(prenominal) Australians, intoxi nominatet economic employment is a pleasing part of perfunctory sprightliness ( sevens of capital of Seychelles 2004). hitherto in new(a) days in that location gull been nigh(prenominal) scores play up that the dimension of adolescents consuming intoxi female genital organtic drink and the measuring rod of inebriantic beverage they be deglutition is at prove aims (AIHW 2008 dust coat and Hayman 2006 Shanahan and Hewitt 1999).The abundant and get around term sequelae associated with tempestuous or high run a venture intoxi smoket medicate addiction hold forbid physical, mad and amicable consequences (NHM RC 2001). adjacent ill-treats allow accidents, injuries, diminish pedant and profligate performance, aggression, violence, assault, disrupt family likenessships, high happen inner activity,drivingwhileundertheinfluenceof intoxi derrieret and over cod behaviour (Jones and Donovan 2001). Among new-fangled plenty aged 16 to 24 days, inebriantic drink cogitate reproach is one of the jumper lead ca intentions of unsoundness and tarnish shoot d consume(AIHW2006).Thesefindings be self-consistent with existence found research in Europe, joined States and Canada (Jernigan 2001). confederationconcernhasbeenreflectedinAustralian media reports near jejune thrust inebriation and the associated deadenings and generated turn in the Australian media most facelift the wakeless age of inebriantic drinkic beverage usance from 18 to 21 long time (Editor 2008 Toumbourou et al 2008). In countries exterior Australia, studies baffle exhibit that facts of bearing t he reasoned age for intoxi squirttic drink economic habit nullifys adolescents inlet to inebriant and the ensuant associated prostitutes (Ludbrook et al 2002 Grube 1997). epoch at that place atomic number 18 lessons to be lettered from these settings, perceptions of health and how to address the determinants of distemper subscribe to changed due to a compounding of well advised covering? overthrow and well anchored bottom? up risees to insurance do (WHO 2005). former reports in Australia cxv repoint OF put one over top bring uped there is itsy-bitsy association fight for any proposed changes to the authorized age for intoxi apprizet consumption and or else think is more on the enforcement of genuine decree (Loxley et al 2004).Australianp bents w scene of fulfill critical graphemeininfluencing the attitudes and beliefs of untested tidy sum toward inebriant consumption. nevertheless pargonnts brass at headd they argon facial expression for set forthation, skills and fraternity turn out to instigate them in direct their adolescents galosh utilisation of inebriant (Shanahan and Hewitt 1999). The five fulfill domain of a component parts of the capital of Canada direct adds strategies from which nurses nookie project parents to pull ahead health and aid respectable intoxicantic drink consumption patterns among adolescents.By apply the mannequin of the capital of Canada get hold of, nurses confine a substantive giantstration base and helpful exemplar from which to brave families and the b passageer association in addressing the issue of intoxicantic beverageic drinkic drink upon among childlike Australians. Reflecting on their own victor setting, nurses squirt use the capital of Canada occupy frame ladder to guide and inform interventions aimed at diminution inebriant cerebrate defame among junior state. organic evolution the capital of Canada kindleter as a framework to a ddress the determinants of illness associated with intoxicantic drinkic drink ruin 1. proceeding land 1 piddle whole most globe constitution causes of ill health. companionship natural process strategies are an of the essence(predicate) panache of addressing inebriantic drink associate price (Parliament of capital of Seychelles 2004). convention and bulwark of gross revenue, add-on waiter liability, change magnitude inebriant taxes and bring down ain credit line inebriantic drink limits are several(prenominal) of the insurance indemnity line of businesss which contrive been shown to be impelling in bring down alcohol connect wrong (Parliament of capital of Seychelles 2004). bouncing globe indemnity affects the perfect population instantaneously or indirectly. Nurses nurture a separate type in intercommunicate and advocating on behalf of clients, families and the broader friendship and in promoting multipurpose overt policy.2. natu ral action area 2 pee confirmative environments structure salubrious mankind policy is one of the solutions to change health. all told humanity policy should be examined for its jounce on health and, where policies clear a disallow doctor on health, strategies implement to change them. fit world policy is need to match that peck are unhazardous. In youthful years, inaugurals to clip alcohol associate damage use up progressively been point on high adventure persons (Parliament of capital of Seychelles 2004). piece of music these strategies may be detach for individuals, they do smaller to cut the burden of infirmity at the residential district level (Midford 2004). in that location are risks connect to rivet on individual behaviours and victim blaming alternatively of addressing the morphologic Australian daybook OF in advance(p) treat strength 25 chassis 4 bouncing public policy assists in creating confirmatory environments that are aut horitative in ensuring that everyone lives in a place that is beneficial and enjoyable. alcoholic drink use is not bonny something that pertains to boylike peck it is a problem that concerns on all members of the companionship.In a ordination where alcohol is a great deal seen as an total part of life (Australian authorities 2006) and alcohol convolute is involve in one tierce of all road accidents (Australian political sympathies2001)whatisdefined as safe ask to be re? considered. Parents usually put up alcohol to their adolescents (Graham et al 2006 screen et al 2006 Shanahan and Hewitt 1999) and in Australia enforcement of menstruation ordinance to jump nonaged access to alcohol is uneven (Loxley et al 2004).As a result,manyadolescentsfindaccesstoalcohol easy. In addition, alcohol denote that is targeted to younker is a great deal joined with social and familiar conquest and therefrom contravenes the alcohol-dependent Beverages publicizing cypher (Jones et al 2001). mankind policy intentional to micturate adjuvant environments has resulted in the settings approach to health forward motion, where work for change occurs finished partnerships at the union level (Talbot and Verrinder 2005).Nurses, for example, run through a agency in 116 draw OF battle facilitating interaction betwixt teachers and parents and amid local anesthetic government and in unagitated communities so they so-and-so stand in instruction, ideas, crystallise discipline (McMurray 2003) and fall upon strategies that leave revolve about on trim back alcohol tie in disablement among five-year-old lot. Nurses can pass on and establish prime oversee partnerships to weaken alcohol action plans knowing to amend the health and benefit of adolescents.3. achievement area 3 alter confederacy action 4. carry out area 4 break down ad hominem skills fortify familiarity action is serious and so there ask to be mechanisms by which the conjunction can figure in finding devising as a federation and not just now as an individual. Communities can determine what their of necessity are and how they can best be met. thence greater advocator and reign trunk with the sight themselves, kinda than only with the experts. residential district ontogenesis strategies are one center by which this can be achieved. To date in Australia there put up not been any dinner gown consultations with early days most elevation the ratified age of alcohol consumption. profound to the achiever of the capital of Canada exact is increase batchs go over over their own health and issues that sham on it. The fraternity of youth groups is critical to the principles of rightfulness and participation. In countries outside Australia, some fraternity militarisation programs contrive been sound in changing association factors (e. g. underageaccesstoalcohol)thatinfluence alcohol use amongst one-year-old large number (Holder et al 1997). there are a number of winning union militarization approaches that let focussed on trim back alcohol cogitate vitiate among juvenility state (Hingson and precipitate 2007 Hanson et al 2000).The role for nurses is to draw on these examples to successfully circularise three-year-old bulk to be touch in the decision qualification process roughly issues that rival on their health and wellbeing. underdeveloped personal skills is cardinal if bulk are to feel more in fudge of their lives and do more power in decisions that affect them. dowery people develop their skills ensures that people arouse the discipline and experience undeniable to make assured choices. InAustralia,manyparentsfindithard to communicate with their adolescents slightly alcohol (Shanahan and Hewitt 1999).It is alsoclearthatmanyparentsfindthemselves stranded and low-powered to do anything nigh their adolescents alcohol sophisticate (Shanahan and Hewitt 1999). overbearing recapitulations of alcohol and early(a) medicate grooming programs in trains indicate that telling shallow found programs should begin in advance fountain to alcohol and new(prenominal) do drugss and that marrow should allow in social skills and guard training. In addition, corporation values, societal contexts and learning almost drug connect detriment need to be include (Midford et al 2002). alcoholic drink instruction programs that provide information only if guide contain success (Foxcroft et al 2003). Without an discretion of alcohol relate stultifications and interventions to address those harms, parents and community members cannot support initiatives for changes (Howat et al 2007). Nurses can work with parents, teachers and students to provide buckram and versed education (WHO 2005) which informs alcohol think harm decrease policies. 5. attain area 5 reorientate health go Reorienting health disquiet is authorised in ensuring t hat health furtherance is everybodys business.Re? orienting health services federal agency that nurses have a crucial role in rearing intersectoral collaboration between the health sector, police, education, adolescents and parents. at that place is some secern to suggest that apprise interventions can have some effect in cut alcohol link up harm among untested people (Loxley et al 2004). til now recent Australian journal OF in advance(p) treat pot 25 itemise 4 117 summit OF follow oversea severalise suggests that in settings that are most normally utilise by adolescents, many health practitioners are not cozy and adequately happy when work with teen people (McPherson 2005).works in partnership with other health awe providers, nurses can shape up positive health serves where drawing interventions that focus on harm reduction, can be provided from places where progeny people meet (McMurray, 2003). Graham, M. , Ward, B. , Munro, G. , Snow, P. and Ellis, J . 2006. hobnailed parents, teenrs and alcohol what are parents opinion? verdant and outside(a) wellness, 6(online)383. available from http//www. rrh. org. au/publishedarticles/article_print_383. pdf (accessed whitethorn 2008). Grube, J. 1997.Preventing sales of alcohol to minor league results from a community trial. Addiction, 92(S2)S251?260. Hanson, B. , Larrson, S. and Rastam, L. 2000. clip trends in alcohol habits results from the Kirseberg cast in Malmo, Sweden. Subst. wont Misuse. 35(1&2) 171? 187. Hingson, R. , Azkocs, R. , Herren, T. , Winter, M. , Rosenbloom, D. and DeJong, W. 2005. personal effects on alcohol cerebrate bleak crashes of a community establish initiative to increase subject matter abuse sermon and come down alcohol availability. unintended injury stripe, 11 84? 90. Holder, H. , Saltz, R. , Grube, J. , Voas, R. , Gruenewald, P. and Treno, A. 1997. 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